Avaliação social das funções do ecossistema de riachos em Quito, Equador
Palavras-chave:
valoração plural, funções do ecossistema, ravinas, ambiente urbano, Quito, EquadorResumo
Compreender como as pessoas percebem e valorizam os ecossistemas é a chave para sua conservação e gestão sustentável. Na verdade, diversos processos de perda e degradação de espaços silvestres nas cidades são em parte determinados pela percepção positiva ou negativa que seus habitantes têm sobre esses espaços. Este, por sua vez, determina mudanças na provisão de serviços ou funções ecossistêmicas, o que pode significar maior vulnerabilidade a desastres naturais e / ou perda de resiliência desses ecossistemas urbanos. Na cidade de Quito, Equador, comparamos dois territórios para compreender a percepção e avaliação sociocultural que seus habitantes realizam para diferentes espaços silvestres (ravinas). Da mesma forma, comparamos essa avaliação entre diferentes grupos sociais, de acordo com a idade, tipo de relação com o espaço e local de residência na cidade. Classificamos as respostas de acordo com os domínios de valor relacional, intrínseco e instrumental. Argumenta-se que a “invisibilidade” das funções ecossistêmicas para a população gera pouca valorização e cuidado dos espaços que as fornecem. Consideramos que isso é influenciado pelo tipo de uso que ocorre dos espaços, que por sua vez é condicionado pela configuração espacial e incidentes de ações de políticas públicas no local.
Referências
Aguado Mateo, González J, Bellott K, Lóez-Santiago C, Montes C. 2018. Exploring subjective well-being and ecosystem services perception along a rural-urban gradient in the high Andes of Ecuador. Ecosystem Services 34:1-10.
Aguirre, Milagros, Fernando Carrión, y Eduardo Kingman. 2005. Quito Imaginado. Bogotá: Aguilar, Altea, Taurus, Alfaguara.
Ahern, Jack, Sarel Cilliers, y Jari Niemelä. 2014. The Concept of Ecosystem Services in Adaptive Urban Planning and Design: A Framework for Supporting Innovation. Landscape and Urban Planning 125.
Arias-Arévalo, Paola, Erik Gómez-Baggethun, Berta Martín-López, and Mario Pérez-Rincón. 2018. Widening the Evaluative Space for Ecosystem Services : A Taxonomy of Plural Values and Valuation Methods. Environmental Values 27(1):29-53.
Arias-Arévalo, Paola, Berta Martín-López, and Erik Gómez-Baggethun. 2017. Exploring Intrinsic, Instrumental, and Relational Values for Sustainable Management of Social-Ecological Systems. Ecology and Society 22(4):43.
Chan, KMA, P. Balvanera, K. Benessaiah, M. Chapman, S. Díaz, E. Gómez-Baggethun, R.K. Gould, N. Hannahs, K. Jax, S.C. Klain, G. Luck, B. Martín-López, B. Muraca, B. Norton, K. Ott, U. Pascual, T. Satterfield, M. Tadaki, J. Taggart and N.J. Turner. 2016. Why Protect Nature? Rethinking Values and the Environment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113(6):1462–1465
Cruz-Garcia, G.S., Sachet, E., Blundo-Canto, G., Vanegas, M., Quintero, M. 2017. To what extent have the links between ecosystem services and human well-being been researched in Africa, Asia, and Latin America? Ecosystem Services 25:201–212.
Dallimer, Martin, Katherine N. Irvine, Andrew M. J. Skinner, Zoe G. Davies, James R. Rouquette, Lorraine L. Maltby, Philip H. Warren, Paul R. Armsworth, and Kevin J. Gaston. 2012. Biodiversity and the Feel-Good Factor: Understanding Associations between Self-Reported Human Well-Being and Species Richness. BioScience 62(1).
Díaz, Sandra, S Demissew, J Carabias (…) & D Zlatanova. 2015. The IPBES conceptual framework - connecting nature and people. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 14:1-16.
Díaz, Sandra, Pascual, U., Stenseke, M., Martín-López, B., Watson, R. T., Molnár, Z., (...) & Polasky, S. 2018. Assessing nature's contributions to people. Science 359(6373):270-272.
DMQ, Secretaría de Ambiente. 2014. Plan de Intervención Ambiental Integral en las Quebradas de Quito. Quito.
Folke, C., Jansson, Å., Rockström, J., Olsson, P., Carpenter, S.R., Chapin III, F.S., Crépin, A.S., Daily, G., Danell, K., Ebbesson, J., Elmqvist, T., Galaz, V., Moberg, F., Mans, N., Osterblom, H., Ostrom, E., Persson, A., Peterson, G., Polasky, S., Steffen, W., Walker, B., Westley, F. 2011. Reconnecting to the biosphere. Ambio 40(7):719–738.
Fuller, Richard A, Katherine N Irvine, Patrick Devine-Wright, Philip H Warren, and Kevin J Gaston. 2007. Psychological Benefits of Greenspace Increase with Biodiversity. Biology Letters 3 (4):390–94.
Gómez-Baggethun, E, R de Groot, PL Lomas, C Montes. 2010. The history of ecosystem services in economic theory and practice: from early notions to markets and payment schemes. Ecological Economics 69:1209-1218.
Gómez-Baggethun, Erik, Åsa Gren, David N. Barton, Johannes Langemeyer, Timon McPhearson, Patrick O’farrell, Erik Andersson, Zoé Hamstead, and Peleg Kremer. 2013. Urban Ecosystem Services, en Urbanization, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Challenges and Opportunities: A Global Assessment.
Gómez-Baggethun, Erik, Berta Martin-López, David Barton, Leon Braat, Eszter Kelemen, Marina Garcia-Llorente, Heli Saarikoski, and Jeroen van den Bergh. 2014. State-of-the-Art Report on Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services. EU FP7 OpenNESS Project Deliverable 4.1.
Gómez Salazar, Andrea, y Nicolás Cuvi. 2016. Asentamientos Informales y Medio Ambiente En Quito. Áreas. Revista Internacional de Ciencias Sociales 35:101–19.
Gómez Vélez, Laura. 2020. Relación del verde urbano de Quito y las condiciones socioeconómicas de la población desde una perspectiva de justicia espacial. FLACSO Ecuador
Groot, R. S. de, Alkemade, R., Braat, L., Hein, L., & Willemen, L. 2010. Challenges in integrating the concept of ecosystem services and values in landscape planning, management and decision making. Ecological Complexity 7(3):260-272.
Haase, Dagmar, Neele Larondelle, Erik Andersson, Martina Artmann, Sara Borgström, Jürgen Breuste, Erik Gomez-Baggethun, et al. 2014. A Quantitative Review of Urban Ecosystem Service Assessments: Concepts, Models, and Implementation. Ambio 43(4):413–33.
Herrero, Ana Carolina, (ed.). 2012. Libro Resumen: Desafíos y Escenarios de Desarrollo Para Las Ciudades Latinoamericanas, en Primer Congreso Latinoamericano de Ecología Urbana. Buenos Aires: Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento.
Imbaquingo, Elena. 2019. Comunicación personal, 5 de enero 2019. Quito.
INEC. 2010a. Información Estadística Por Parroquia (Censo Población y Vivienda). http://institutodelaciudad.com.ec/sistema-de-indicadores-de-situacion/49-informacion-estadistica-parroquia.html.
———. 2010b. VII Censo de Población y VI de Vivienda. www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/censo-de-poblacion-y-vivienda/.
———. 2012a. Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de Los Hogares Urbanos y Rurales. www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec//encuesta-nacional-de-ingresos-y-gastos-de-los-hogares-urbanos-y-rurales/.
———. 2012b. Índice Verde Urbano. www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/indice-verde-urbano/.
IPCC. 2014. Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 151 pp.
Kelemen, E., M. García-Llorente, G. Pataki, B. Martín-López, y E. Gómez-Baggethun. 2014. Non-Monetary Techniques for the Valuation of Ecosystem Services. OpenNESS Reference Book.
Lasso, Hugo. 2014. Historia Ambiental del río Machángara en Quito del siglo XX. FLACSO Ecuador.
Leichenko, Robin. 2011. Climate Change and Urban Resilience. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 3(3):164–68.
Loughland, T., Reid, A., Walker, K., & Petocz, P. 2003. Factors influencing young people's conceptions of environment. Environmental Education Research 9(1):3-19.
Ludwig, Donald. 2000. Limitations of Economic Valuation of Ecosystems. Ecosystems 3(1):31–35.
MacKerron, G. y Mourato, S. 2013. Happiness is greater in natural environments. Global Environmental Change 23(5):992–1000.
Martín-López, B., Iniesta-Arandia, I., García-Llorente, M., Palomo, I., Casado-Arzuaga, I., García del Amo, D., Gómez-Baggethun, E., et al. 2012. Uncovering ecosystem service bundles through social preferences. PLoS ONE Vol. 7:e38970.
Martínez-Alier, Joan. 2009. El Ecologismo de los Pobres. Conflictos Ambientales y Lenguajes de Valoración (3ra ed.). Barcelona: Icaria Antrazyt.
Martínez-Alier, Joan, y Jordi Roca Jusmet. 2013. Economía Ecológica y Política Ambiental (tercera ed.). México: FCE.
McPhearson, Timon, Erik Andersson, Thomas Elmqvist, and Niki Frantzeskaki. 2015. Resilience of and through Urban Ecosystem Services. Ecosystem Services 12.
Meerow, Sara, Joshua P. Newell, and Melissa Stults. 2016. Defining Urban Resilience: A Review. Landscape and Urban Planning 147:38–49.
MEA [Millennium Ecosystem Assessment]. 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Synthesis. Washington DC: Island Press.
Mitchell, Ronald K, Bradley R Agle y Donna J Wood. 1997. Toward a Theory of Stakeholder Identification and Salience: Defining the Principle of Who and What Really Counts. The Academy of Management Review 22(4):853–86.
Navarrete, Juan. 2019. Comunicación personal, 13 de enero 2019. Quito.
Revi, A., D. E. Satterthwaite, F. Aragón-Durand, J. Corfee-Morlot, R.B.R Kiunsi, M. Pelling, D.C. Roberts, and W. Solecki. 2014. Urban Areas, en Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects, 535–612. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
Rincón-Ruíz, A, M Echeverry-Duque, AM Piñeros, CH Tapia, A David, P Arias-Arévalo y PA Zuluaga. 2014. Valoración Integral de la Biodiversidad y los Servicios Ecosistémicos: Aspectos Conceptuales y Metodológicos. Bogotá: Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt (IAvH).
Salvador, M., Larrea C., Belmont y Baroja. 2014. Un índice difuso de niveles socioeconómicos en Quito. Revista Politécnica 34(1):123-132.
Santos-Martín, F., Martín-López, B., García-Llorente, M., Aguado, M., Benayas, J., Montes, C. 2013. Unraveling the relationships between ecosystems and human wellbeing in Spain. PLoS ONE 8(9):e73249.
TEEB [The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity]. 2010. Mainstreaming the Economics of Nature: A Synthesis of the Approach, Conclusions and Recommendations of TEEB. Malta.
Ulrich, Roger S. 1984. View Through a Window May Influence Recovery from Surgery. Science 224(4647):420–21.
Vera, Aldo, y Marcelo Villalón. 2005. La Triangulación entre Métodos Cuantitativos y Cualitativos en el proceso de Investigación. Ciencia & Trabajo 7(16):85–87.
Villamagua, Gabriela. 2017. Percepción social de los servicios ecosistémicos en la microcuenca El Padmi, Ecuador. Revista Iberoamericana de Economía Ecológica 27:102-114.
Vries, S. de, Verheij, R. A., Groenewegen, P. P. y Spreeuwenberg, P. 2003. Natural Environments–healthy Environments? An Exploratory Analysis of the Relationship between Greenspace and Health. Environment and Planning 35:1717–31.
Wurster, Daniel, y Martina Artmann. 2014. Development of a Concept for Non-Monetary Assessment of Urban Ecosystem Services at the Site Level. Ambio 43(4):454–65.
Aguirre, Milagros, Fernando Carrión, y Eduardo Kingman. 2005. Quito Imaginado. Bogotá: Aguilar, Altea, Taurus, Alfaguara.
Ahern, Jack, Sarel Cilliers, y Jari Niemelä. 2014. The Concept of Ecosystem Services in Adaptive Urban Planning and Design: A Framework for Supporting Innovation. Landscape and Urban Planning 125.
Arias-Arévalo, Paola, Erik Gómez-Baggethun, Berta Martín-López, and Mario Pérez-Rincón. 2018. Widening the Evaluative Space for Ecosystem Services : A Taxonomy of Plural Values and Valuation Methods. Environmental Values 27(1):29-53.
Arias-Arévalo, Paola, Berta Martín-López, and Erik Gómez-Baggethun. 2017. Exploring Intrinsic, Instrumental, and Relational Values for Sustainable Management of Social-Ecological Systems. Ecology and Society 22(4):43.
Chan, KMA, P. Balvanera, K. Benessaiah, M. Chapman, S. Díaz, E. Gómez-Baggethun, R.K. Gould, N. Hannahs, K. Jax, S.C. Klain, G. Luck, B. Martín-López, B. Muraca, B. Norton, K. Ott, U. Pascual, T. Satterfield, M. Tadaki, J. Taggart and N.J. Turner. 2016. Why Protect Nature? Rethinking Values and the Environment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113(6):1462–1465
Cruz-Garcia, G.S., Sachet, E., Blundo-Canto, G., Vanegas, M., Quintero, M. 2017. To what extent have the links between ecosystem services and human well-being been researched in Africa, Asia, and Latin America? Ecosystem Services 25:201–212.
Dallimer, Martin, Katherine N. Irvine, Andrew M. J. Skinner, Zoe G. Davies, James R. Rouquette, Lorraine L. Maltby, Philip H. Warren, Paul R. Armsworth, and Kevin J. Gaston. 2012. Biodiversity and the Feel-Good Factor: Understanding Associations between Self-Reported Human Well-Being and Species Richness. BioScience 62(1).
Díaz, Sandra, S Demissew, J Carabias (…) & D Zlatanova. 2015. The IPBES conceptual framework - connecting nature and people. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 14:1-16.
Díaz, Sandra, Pascual, U., Stenseke, M., Martín-López, B., Watson, R. T., Molnár, Z., (...) & Polasky, S. 2018. Assessing nature's contributions to people. Science 359(6373):270-272.
DMQ, Secretaría de Ambiente. 2014. Plan de Intervención Ambiental Integral en las Quebradas de Quito. Quito.
Folke, C., Jansson, Å., Rockström, J., Olsson, P., Carpenter, S.R., Chapin III, F.S., Crépin, A.S., Daily, G., Danell, K., Ebbesson, J., Elmqvist, T., Galaz, V., Moberg, F., Mans, N., Osterblom, H., Ostrom, E., Persson, A., Peterson, G., Polasky, S., Steffen, W., Walker, B., Westley, F. 2011. Reconnecting to the biosphere. Ambio 40(7):719–738.
Fuller, Richard A, Katherine N Irvine, Patrick Devine-Wright, Philip H Warren, and Kevin J Gaston. 2007. Psychological Benefits of Greenspace Increase with Biodiversity. Biology Letters 3 (4):390–94.
Gómez-Baggethun, E, R de Groot, PL Lomas, C Montes. 2010. The history of ecosystem services in economic theory and practice: from early notions to markets and payment schemes. Ecological Economics 69:1209-1218.
Gómez-Baggethun, Erik, Åsa Gren, David N. Barton, Johannes Langemeyer, Timon McPhearson, Patrick O’farrell, Erik Andersson, Zoé Hamstead, and Peleg Kremer. 2013. Urban Ecosystem Services, en Urbanization, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Challenges and Opportunities: A Global Assessment.
Gómez-Baggethun, Erik, Berta Martin-López, David Barton, Leon Braat, Eszter Kelemen, Marina Garcia-Llorente, Heli Saarikoski, and Jeroen van den Bergh. 2014. State-of-the-Art Report on Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services. EU FP7 OpenNESS Project Deliverable 4.1.
Gómez Salazar, Andrea, y Nicolás Cuvi. 2016. Asentamientos Informales y Medio Ambiente En Quito. Áreas. Revista Internacional de Ciencias Sociales 35:101–19.
Gómez Vélez, Laura. 2020. Relación del verde urbano de Quito y las condiciones socioeconómicas de la población desde una perspectiva de justicia espacial. FLACSO Ecuador
Groot, R. S. de, Alkemade, R., Braat, L., Hein, L., & Willemen, L. 2010. Challenges in integrating the concept of ecosystem services and values in landscape planning, management and decision making. Ecological Complexity 7(3):260-272.
Haase, Dagmar, Neele Larondelle, Erik Andersson, Martina Artmann, Sara Borgström, Jürgen Breuste, Erik Gomez-Baggethun, et al. 2014. A Quantitative Review of Urban Ecosystem Service Assessments: Concepts, Models, and Implementation. Ambio 43(4):413–33.
Herrero, Ana Carolina, (ed.). 2012. Libro Resumen: Desafíos y Escenarios de Desarrollo Para Las Ciudades Latinoamericanas, en Primer Congreso Latinoamericano de Ecología Urbana. Buenos Aires: Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento.
Imbaquingo, Elena. 2019. Comunicación personal, 5 de enero 2019. Quito.
INEC. 2010a. Información Estadística Por Parroquia (Censo Población y Vivienda). http://institutodelaciudad.com.ec/sistema-de-indicadores-de-situacion/49-informacion-estadistica-parroquia.html.
———. 2010b. VII Censo de Población y VI de Vivienda. www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/censo-de-poblacion-y-vivienda/.
———. 2012a. Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de Los Hogares Urbanos y Rurales. www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec//encuesta-nacional-de-ingresos-y-gastos-de-los-hogares-urbanos-y-rurales/.
———. 2012b. Índice Verde Urbano. www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/indice-verde-urbano/.
IPCC. 2014. Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 151 pp.
Kelemen, E., M. García-Llorente, G. Pataki, B. Martín-López, y E. Gómez-Baggethun. 2014. Non-Monetary Techniques for the Valuation of Ecosystem Services. OpenNESS Reference Book.
Lasso, Hugo. 2014. Historia Ambiental del río Machángara en Quito del siglo XX. FLACSO Ecuador.
Leichenko, Robin. 2011. Climate Change and Urban Resilience. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 3(3):164–68.
Loughland, T., Reid, A., Walker, K., & Petocz, P. 2003. Factors influencing young people's conceptions of environment. Environmental Education Research 9(1):3-19.
Ludwig, Donald. 2000. Limitations of Economic Valuation of Ecosystems. Ecosystems 3(1):31–35.
MacKerron, G. y Mourato, S. 2013. Happiness is greater in natural environments. Global Environmental Change 23(5):992–1000.
Martín-López, B., Iniesta-Arandia, I., García-Llorente, M., Palomo, I., Casado-Arzuaga, I., García del Amo, D., Gómez-Baggethun, E., et al. 2012. Uncovering ecosystem service bundles through social preferences. PLoS ONE Vol. 7:e38970.
Martínez-Alier, Joan. 2009. El Ecologismo de los Pobres. Conflictos Ambientales y Lenguajes de Valoración (3ra ed.). Barcelona: Icaria Antrazyt.
Martínez-Alier, Joan, y Jordi Roca Jusmet. 2013. Economía Ecológica y Política Ambiental (tercera ed.). México: FCE.
McPhearson, Timon, Erik Andersson, Thomas Elmqvist, and Niki Frantzeskaki. 2015. Resilience of and through Urban Ecosystem Services. Ecosystem Services 12.
Meerow, Sara, Joshua P. Newell, and Melissa Stults. 2016. Defining Urban Resilience: A Review. Landscape and Urban Planning 147:38–49.
MEA [Millennium Ecosystem Assessment]. 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Synthesis. Washington DC: Island Press.
Mitchell, Ronald K, Bradley R Agle y Donna J Wood. 1997. Toward a Theory of Stakeholder Identification and Salience: Defining the Principle of Who and What Really Counts. The Academy of Management Review 22(4):853–86.
Navarrete, Juan. 2019. Comunicación personal, 13 de enero 2019. Quito.
Revi, A., D. E. Satterthwaite, F. Aragón-Durand, J. Corfee-Morlot, R.B.R Kiunsi, M. Pelling, D.C. Roberts, and W. Solecki. 2014. Urban Areas, en Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects, 535–612. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
Rincón-Ruíz, A, M Echeverry-Duque, AM Piñeros, CH Tapia, A David, P Arias-Arévalo y PA Zuluaga. 2014. Valoración Integral de la Biodiversidad y los Servicios Ecosistémicos: Aspectos Conceptuales y Metodológicos. Bogotá: Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt (IAvH).
Salvador, M., Larrea C., Belmont y Baroja. 2014. Un índice difuso de niveles socioeconómicos en Quito. Revista Politécnica 34(1):123-132.
Santos-Martín, F., Martín-López, B., García-Llorente, M., Aguado, M., Benayas, J., Montes, C. 2013. Unraveling the relationships between ecosystems and human wellbeing in Spain. PLoS ONE 8(9):e73249.
TEEB [The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity]. 2010. Mainstreaming the Economics of Nature: A Synthesis of the Approach, Conclusions and Recommendations of TEEB. Malta.
Ulrich, Roger S. 1984. View Through a Window May Influence Recovery from Surgery. Science 224(4647):420–21.
Vera, Aldo, y Marcelo Villalón. 2005. La Triangulación entre Métodos Cuantitativos y Cualitativos en el proceso de Investigación. Ciencia & Trabajo 7(16):85–87.
Villamagua, Gabriela. 2017. Percepción social de los servicios ecosistémicos en la microcuenca El Padmi, Ecuador. Revista Iberoamericana de Economía Ecológica 27:102-114.
Vries, S. de, Verheij, R. A., Groenewegen, P. P. y Spreeuwenberg, P. 2003. Natural Environments–healthy Environments? An Exploratory Analysis of the Relationship between Greenspace and Health. Environment and Planning 35:1717–31.
Wurster, Daniel, y Martina Artmann. 2014. Development of a Concept for Non-Monetary Assessment of Urban Ecosystem Services at the Site Level. Ambio 43(4):454–65.
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2021-06-02
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Avaliação social das funções do ecossistema de riachos em Quito, Equador. (2021). REVIBEC - REVISTA IBEROAMERICANA DE ECONOMÍA ECOLÓGICA, 34(1), 65-85. https://redibec.org/ojs/index.php/revibec/article/view/vol34-1-4
